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To celebrate the 270th anniversary of the De Gruyter publishing house, the company is providing permanent open access to 270 selected treasures from the De Gruyter Book Archive. Titles will be made available to anyone, anywhere at any time that might be interested. The DGBA project seeks to digitize the entire backlist of titles published since 1749 to ensure that future generations have digital access to the high-quality primary sources that De Gruyter has published over the centuries.

Physik. --- SCIENCE / Physics / General.

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Les physiciens savent produire des gaz à quelques milliardièmes de degrés au-dessus du zéro absolu. Les méthodes de refroidissement s’appliquent non seulement aux atomes mais aussi aux ions et aux molécules. Ce domaine de recherche a été couronné deux fois par le prix Nobel. Il s’est extraordinairement enrichi depuis que l’on sait faire varier à volonté les interactions entre les particules et piéger celles-ci avec des pinces optiques ou dans des réseaux optiques à la géométrie ajustable. On édifie ainsi des cristaux artificiels formés d’atomes ou de molécules qui peuvent simuler la structure de la matière et élucider certaines de ses propriétés magnétiques, avec la perspective d’expliquer un jour la supraconductivité à haute température. Le phénomène d’intrication quantique est à la base de nouveaux dispositifs pour le stockage et la transmission de l’information quantique. Des progrès spectaculaires sont constamment enregistrés en métrologie. Ainsi des horloges à atomes ou à ions ultrafroids mesurent le temps à mieux qu’une seconde sur la durée de l’Univers. Des gravimètres et gyromètres industriels d’un type nouveau améliorent la sensibilité de la sismologie et la navigation dans l’espace. En outre, l’extrême précision des mesures permet de tester les lois fondamentales de la physique, par exemple l’électrodynamique quantique, l’invariance de Lorentz ou les éventuelles variations des constantes fondamentales. Le domaine des particules ultrafroides rejoint aujourd’hui ceux de la matière condensée, de la chimie et même de la cosmologie. Robin Kaiser est directeur de recherche CNRS à l’Institut de physique de Nice à l’université de la Côte d’Azur. Michèle Leduc est directrice de recherche CNRS émérite au Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel à l’École normale supérieure à Paris. Hélène Perrin est directrice de recherche au Laboratoire de physique des lasers à l’université Sorbonne Paris Nord.

SCIENCE / Physics / General.

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There is a broad consensus in considering that the loss of biodiversity is accelerating which is due, for example, to the destruction of habitats, overexploitation of wild species and climate change. Many countries have pledged at various international conferences to take swift measures to halt this loss of biodiversity. Among these measures, the creation of protected areas - which also contribute to food and water security, the fight against climate change and people' health and well-being - plays a decisive role, although it is not sufficient on its own. In this book, we review classic and original problems associated with the optimal design of a network of protected areas, focusing on the modelling and practical solution of these problems. We show how to approach these optimisation problems within a unified framework, that of mathematical programming, a branch of mathematics that focuses on finding good solutions to a problem from a huge number of possible solutions. We describe efficient and often innovative modellings of these problems. Several strategies are also proposed to take into account the inevitable uncertainty concerning the ecological benefits that can be expected from protected areas. These strategies are based on the classical notions of probability and robustness. This book aims to help all those, from students to decision-makers, who are confronted with the establishment of a network of protected areas to identify the most effective solutions, taking into account ecological objectives, various constraints and limited resources. In order to facilitate the reading of this book, most of the problems addressed and the approaches proposed to solve them are illustrated by fully processed examples, and an appendix presents in some detail the basic mathematical concepts related to its content.

SCIENCE / Physics / General.

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Vapor-liquid equilibrium data, heat of mixing (excess enthalpies), and volumetric properties of systems are required for both the applications in design of industrial technological processes and the understanding the structure and the intermolecular interactions in the systems. On the basis of classical thermodynamics the measured experimental data combined together enable us the calculation of non-measurable thermodynamic properties significant for the technological calculations. The present volume is a compilation of experimental and derived property data on subcritical binary homogeneous (single-phase) or heterogeneous (two-phase) liquid–liquid mixtures. All the components are well-defined pure substances, which are organic nonelectrolytes and water. The present volume is divided into three subvolumes (A, B, C). 800 representative data sets that cover all types of properties and chemical systems are selected for Subvolume A. While Subvolume B comprises 1032 data sets for binary mixtures containing one or two hydrocarbons, Subvolume C is providing 1014 data sets for non-hydrocarbon binary mixtures.

Physics. --- Physics, general.

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Physics --- Physics. --- Physics - General